Hand Gesture Recognition using ML Algorithms

August 24, 2022

Introduction

In today's technological era, gesture recognition is a trending topic. The primary goal is to identify human gestures using machine learning and mathematical algorithms for human-computer interaction. There are just a few forms of Human-Computer Interaction, such as keyboard, mouse, and touch screens. When it comes to adapting more adaptable technology to computers, each of these gadgets has its own constraints. 

In this article, we will be discussing hand gesture recognition in detail. The article will show you:

  1. Why Hand Gesture Recognition is Important 
  2. Implementing Hand Gesture Recognition
  3. Machine Learning Algorithms for Hand Gesture Recognition
  4. Support Vector Machine (SVM) 
  5. K Nearest Neighbors (KNN) 
  6. Decision Trees (DT)
  7. Convolutional Neural Networks(CNN)
  8. Conclusion

Why is Hand Gesture Recognition Important?

Gesture recognition is one of the most important strategies for creating user-friendly interfaces. Gestures can arise from any physical move or condition, but most typically from the face or hand. Users may interact with gadgets via gesture recognition without physically touching them. The use of different technologies and machine learning algorithms may be used to recognize and comprehend distinct human gestures, making human-machine communication more successful. This might render conventional input devices like touchscreens, mouse pads, and keyboards obsolete.

Implementing Hand Gesture Recognition

Computer vision and machine learning algorithms analyze the photos in real-time, converting hand gestures into instructions based on a predefined library of signals. Gesture recognition software commands become simply another sort of input, akin to turning a dial, tapping a button, or touching a screen. 

Initially, the process of hand gesture recognition includes two components. One is the collection of the training dataset, which is made up of various sorts of hand gestures that are used to train the system and then utilized to perform the activities. Another is feature extraction, the process of locating the centroid that splits a picture into two halves at its geometric center.

After collection and preprocessing of data is done, captured photos from a web camera or any other input device are sent into the model or system. Images recorded by the camera are compared to the dataset to identify the valid hand movements necessary to accomplish the required tasks. The input picture from the camera is required for hand detection. After preprocessing, the video input is stored frame by frame in a matrix.

Machine learning algorithms then enter into the process, which is covered in more detail in the section below.

Machine Learning Algorithms for Hand Gesture Recognition

There are several Machine Learning algorithms to recognize hand gestures, down below is the list of algorithms and the methodologies followed using these algorithms. 

  1. Support Vector Machine (SVM)

SVM selects the extreme vectors and points that aid in the creation of the hyperplane. Support vectors, which are used to represent these extreme instances, form the basis for the SVM method. The SVM algorithm's objective is to establish the optimum decision boundary or line that can divide n-dimensional space into classes so that we may quickly classify fresh data points in the future.

For hand gesture recognition through SVM, first hand motion is acquired using a web camera, during processing. A bounding box is built to identify the hand during the pre-processing step in order to separate the foreground from the background. This is accomplished by using differences between successive frames. To facilitate quicker calculation, the captured picture is resized. The leading edge of the resized picture is used utilizing Canny's edge detection. Then the characteristic of the image is extracted from a gradient-based histogram (HOG). The characteristics that were extracted are kept in a database. SVM compares the most relevant image and displays the output on the screen if the database contains a matching feature.

  1. K Nearest Neighbors (KNN)

This algorithm's fundamental principle is to choose the k-nearest neighbors of a particular input from a training database, and then assign those neighbors to the output that received the most votes among those connected to the inputs that were chosen. It can be helpful to weight neighbor contributions in hand gesture detection and classification such that closer neighbors contribute more to the average than farther neighbors.

To extract the characteristics and locate the hand area, KNN requires entering parameters. In order to achieve this, the KNN system adapts four parameters: the ratio of the vertical and horizontal lines, the rectangle situation that contains the median point and covers the hand shape, and a parameter providing details about the horizontal distribution surrounding the rows' mean within the entire hand area, and the standard deviation. 

The above-mentioned KNN model operates when a single-handed person appears successfully in the camera's range of view, the system properly detects them and then identifies the gesture.

  1. Decision Trees (DT)

Using a decision tree for a hand gesture offers several benefits, including scalability, rapid training and testing, and interpretability. Starting at the tree's root and working through it until reaching a leaf, a decision tree may be used to categorize a case. The case outcome for the test at each non-leaf decision node is established, and the focus then turns to the root of the subtree corresponding to this outcome. The class of the case is anticipated to be that which is recorded at the leaf when this method ultimately results in a leaf. 

For hand gesture recognition each instance that has been tagged would be segmented using overlapping sliding window segmentation. An individual candidate shape let will be created for each type of input data in a segment. The decision tree method then calculates the separation between each potential shape let and each occurrence in the training dataset. The least distance between a candidate and the instance would be used to measure how similar they are. A Distance Matrix is then used to hold the distance values. The unlabeled data instance is classified using the built-in shape let-based decision tree. 

Running through the leaves of the decision tree classification model, it is stopped once a class is satisfied. The procedure is the same as when building a distance matrix; the instance to be examined is first segmented to determine its ideal location match. In accordance with the location of the leaves in the tree model, the distance of each segment would be measured with the relevant shape let. The least distance would be used to determine what kind of hand gesture was recorded by the camera or any other input device.

  1. Neural Networks

CNN's are a subset of deep learning neural networks that are employed in the analysis of pictures and video. It is made up of an input layer, hidden layers, and an output layer. Backpropagation is used for increased accuracy and productivity. It trains and verifies the computer's recognition of human gestures. Page turning, and zooming in and out are examples of interactions. 

For hand gesture recognition the number of fingers present in the hand gesture is calculated by CNN, using fault spots in the gesture. The acquired gesture is passed via a 3-Dimensional Convolutional Neural Network. CNN is used in succession to recognize the current gesture. The identified gesture is utilized as input to accomplish the user's desired actions. 

Conclusion

Gesture recognition has several advantages, including increased safety and the convenience of using deliberate gestures to control any device functions rather than a potentially confusing menu system. 

Gesture recognition is a promising technology, but it only represents a small portion of the huge capacity that ML algorithms have in regard to voice commands, eye movements, and body movements. In the coming time as technological advancement happens, we might see more exposure in the field of gesture recognition. 

Latest Blogs
This is a decorative image for: A Complete Guide To Customer Acquisition For Startups
October 18, 2022

A Complete Guide To Customer Acquisition For Startups

Any business is enlivened by its customers. Therefore, a strategy to constantly bring in new clients is an ongoing requirement. In this regard, having a proper customer acquisition strategy can be of great importance.

So, if you are just starting your business, or planning to expand it, read on to learn more about this concept.

The problem with customer acquisition

As an organization, when working in a diverse and competitive market like India, you need to have a well-defined customer acquisition strategy to attain success. However, this is where most startups struggle. Now, you may have a great product or service, but if you are not in the right place targeting the right demographic, you are not likely to get the results you want.

To resolve this, typically, companies invest, but if that is not channelized properly, it will be futile.

So, the best way out of this dilemma is to have a clear customer acquisition strategy in place.

How can you create the ideal customer acquisition strategy for your business?

  • Define what your goals are

You need to define your goals so that you can meet the revenue expectations you have for the current fiscal year. You need to find a value for the metrics –

  • MRR – Monthly recurring revenue, which tells you all the income that can be generated from all your income channels.
  • CLV – Customer lifetime value tells you how much a customer is willing to spend on your business during your mutual relationship duration.  
  • CAC – Customer acquisition costs, which tells how much your organization needs to spend to acquire customers constantly.
  • Churn rate – It tells you the rate at which customers stop doing business.

All these metrics tell you how well you will be able to grow your business and revenue.

  • Identify your ideal customers

You need to understand who your current customers are and who your target customers are. Once you are aware of your customer base, you can focus your energies in that direction and get the maximum sale of your products or services. You can also understand what your customers require through various analytics and markers and address them to leverage your products/services towards them.

  • Choose your channels for customer acquisition

How will you acquire customers who will eventually tell at what scale and at what rate you need to expand your business? You could market and sell your products on social media channels like Instagram, Facebook and YouTube, or invest in paid marketing like Google Ads. You need to develop a unique strategy for each of these channels. 

  • Communicate with your customers

If you know exactly what your customers have in mind, then you will be able to develop your customer strategy with a clear perspective in mind. You can do it through surveys or customer opinion forms, email contact forms, blog posts and social media posts. After that, you just need to measure the analytics, clearly understand the insights, and improve your strategy accordingly.

Combining these strategies with your long-term business plan will bring results. However, there will be challenges on the way, where you need to adapt as per the requirements to make the most of it. At the same time, introducing new technologies like AI and ML can also solve such issues easily. To learn more about the use of AI and ML and how they are transforming businesses, keep referring to the blog section of E2E Networks.

Reference Links

https://www.helpscout.com/customer-acquisition/

https://www.cloudways.com/blog/customer-acquisition-strategy-for-startups/

https://blog.hubspot.com/service/customer-acquisition

This is a decorative image for: Constructing 3D objects through Deep Learning
October 18, 2022

Image-based 3D Object Reconstruction State-of-the-Art and trends in the Deep Learning Era

3D reconstruction is one of the most complex issues of deep learning systems. There have been multiple types of research in this field, and almost everything has been tried on it — computer vision, computer graphics and machine learning, but to no avail. However, that has resulted in CNN or convolutional neural networks foraying into this field, which has yielded some success.

The Main Objective of the 3D Object Reconstruction

Developing this deep learning technology aims to infer the shape of 3D objects from 2D images. So, to conduct the experiment, you need the following:

  • Highly calibrated cameras that take a photograph of the image from various angles.
  • Large training datasets can predict the geometry of the object whose 3D image reconstruction needs to be done. These datasets can be collected from a database of images, or they can be collected and sampled from a video.

By using the apparatus and datasets, you will be able to proceed with the 3D reconstruction from 2D datasets.

State-of-the-art Technology Used by the Datasets for the Reconstruction of 3D Objects

The technology used for this purpose needs to stick to the following parameters:

  • Input

Training with the help of one or multiple RGB images, where the segmentation of the 3D ground truth needs to be done. It could be one image, multiple images or even a video stream.

The testing will also be done on the same parameters, which will also help to create a uniform, cluttered background, or both.

  • Output

The volumetric output will be done in both high and low resolution, and the surface output will be generated through parameterisation, template deformation and point cloud. Moreover, the direct and intermediate outputs will be calculated this way.

  • Network architecture used

The architecture used in training is 3D-VAE-GAN, which has an encoder and a decoder, with TL-Net and conditional GAN. At the same time, the testing architecture is 3D-VAE, which has an encoder and a decoder.

  • Training used

The degree of supervision used in 2D vs 3D supervision, weak supervision along with loss functions have to be included in this system. The training procedure is adversarial training with joint 2D and 3D embeddings. Also, the network architecture is extremely important for the speed and processing quality of the output images.

  • Practical applications and use cases

Volumetric representations and surface representations can do the reconstruction. Powerful computer systems need to be used for reconstruction.

Given below are some of the places where 3D Object Reconstruction Deep Learning Systems are used:

  • 3D reconstruction technology can be used in the Police Department for drawing the faces of criminals whose images have been procured from a crime site where their faces are not completely revealed.
  • It can be used for re-modelling ruins at ancient architectural sites. The rubble or the debris stubs of structures can be used to recreate the entire building structure and get an idea of how it looked in the past.
  • They can be used in plastic surgery where the organs, face, limbs or any other portion of the body has been damaged and needs to be rebuilt.
  • It can be used in airport security, where concealed shapes can be used for guessing whether a person is armed or is carrying explosives or not.
  • It can also help in completing DNA sequences.

So, if you are planning to implement this technology, then you can rent the required infrastructure from E2E Networks and avoid investing in it. And if you plan to learn more about such topics, then keep a tab on the blog section of the website

Reference Links

https://tongtianta.site/paper/68922

https://github.com/natowi/3D-Reconstruction-with-Deep-Learning-Methods

This is a decorative image for: Comprehensive Guide to Deep Q-Learning for Data Science Enthusiasts
October 18, 2022

A Comprehensive Guide To Deep Q-Learning For Data Science Enthusiasts

For all data science enthusiasts who would love to dig deep, we have composed a write-up about Q-Learning specifically for you all. Deep Q-Learning and Reinforcement learning (RL) are extremely popular these days. These two data science methodologies use Python libraries like TensorFlow 2 and openAI’s Gym environment.

So, read on to know more.

What is Deep Q-Learning?

Deep Q-Learning utilizes the principles of Q-learning, but instead of using the Q-table, it uses the neural network. The algorithm of deep Q-Learning uses the states as input and the optimal Q-value of every action possible as the output. The agent gathers and stores all the previous experiences in the memory of the trained tuple in the following order:

State> Next state> Action> Reward

The neural network training stability increases using a random batch of previous data by using the experience replay. Experience replay also means the previous experiences stocking, and the target network uses it for training and calculation of the Q-network and the predicted Q-Value. This neural network uses openAI Gym, which is provided by taxi-v3 environments.

Now, any understanding of Deep Q-Learning   is incomplete without talking about Reinforcement Learning.

What is Reinforcement Learning?

Reinforcement is a subsection of ML. This part of ML is related to the action in which an environmental agent participates in a reward-based system and uses Reinforcement Learning to maximize the rewards. Reinforcement Learning is a different technique from unsupervised learning or supervised learning because it does not require a supervised input/output pair. The number of corrections is also less, so it is a highly efficient technique.

Now, the understanding of reinforcement learning is incomplete without knowing about Markov Decision Process (MDP). MDP is involved with each state that has been presented in the results of the environment, derived from the state previously there. The information which composes both states is gathered and transferred to the decision process. The task of the chosen agent is to maximize the awards. The MDP optimizes the actions and helps construct the optimal policy.

For developing the MDP, you need to follow the Q-Learning Algorithm, which is an extremely important part of data science and machine learning.

What is Q-Learning Algorithm?

The process of Q-Learning is important for understanding the data from scratch. It involves defining the parameters, choosing the actions from the current state and also choosing the actions from the previous state and then developing a Q-table for maximizing the results or output rewards.

The 4 steps that are involved in Q-Learning:

  1. Initializing parameters – The RL (reinforcement learning) model learns the set of actions that the agent requires in the state, environment and time.
  2. Identifying current state – The model stores the prior records for optimal action definition for maximizing the results. For acting in the present state, the state needs to be identified and perform an action combination for it.
  3. Choosing the optimal action set and gaining the relevant experience – A Q-table is generated from the data with a set of specific states and actions, and the weight of this data is calculated for updating the Q-Table to the following step.
  4. Updating Q-table rewards and next state determination – After the relevant experience is gained and agents start getting environmental records. The reward amplitude helps to present the subsequent step.  

In case the Q-table size is huge, then the generation of the model is a time-consuming process. This situation requires Deep Q-learning.

Hopefully, this write-up has provided an outline of Deep Q-Learning and its related concepts. If you wish to learn more about such topics, then keep a tab on the blog section of the E2E Networks website.

Reference Links

https://analyticsindiamag.com/comprehensive-guide-to-deep-q-learning-for-data-science-enthusiasts/

https://medium.com/@jereminuerofficial/a-comprehensive-guide-to-deep-q-learning-8aeed632f52f

This is a decorative image for: GAUDI: A Neural Architect for Immersive 3D Scene Generation
October 13, 2022

GAUDI: A Neural Architect for Immersive 3D Scene Generation

The evolution of artificial intelligence in the past decade has been staggering, and now the focus is shifting towards AI and ML systems to understand and generate 3D spaces. As a result, there has been extensive research on manipulating 3D generative models. In this regard, Apple’s AI and ML scientists have developed GAUDI, a method specifically for this job.

An introduction to GAUDI

The GAUDI 3D immersive technique founders named it after the famous architect Antoni Gaudi. This AI model takes the help of a camera pose decoder, which enables it to guess the possible camera angles of a scene. Hence, the decoder then makes it possible to predict the 3D canvas from almost every angle.

What does GAUDI do?

GAUDI can perform multiple functions –

  • The extensions of these generative models have a tremendous effect on ML and computer vision. Pragmatically, such models are highly useful. They are applied in model-based reinforcement learning and planning world models, SLAM is s, or 3D content creation.
  • Generative modelling for 3D objects has been used for generating scenes using graf, pigan, and gsn, which incorporate a GAN (Generative Adversarial Network). The generator codes radiance fields exclusively. Using the 3D space in the scene along with the camera pose generates the 3D image from that point. This point has a density scalar and RGB value for that specific point in 3D space. This can be done from a 2D camera view. It does this by imposing 3D datasets on those 2D shots. It isolates various objects and scenes and combines them to render a new scene altogether.
  • GAUDI also removes GANs pathologies like mode collapse and improved GAN.
  • GAUDI also uses this to train data on a canonical coordinate system. You can compare it by looking at the trajectory of the scenes.

How is GAUDI applied to the content?

The steps of application for GAUDI have been given below:

  • Each trajectory is created, which consists of a sequence of posed images (These images are from a 3D scene) encoded into a latent representation. This representation which has a radiance field or what we refer to as the 3D scene and the camera path is created in a disentangled way. The results are interpreted as free parameters. The problem is optimized by and formulation of a reconstruction objective.
  • This simple training process is then scaled to trajectories, thousands of them creating a large number of views. The model samples the radiance fields totally from the previous distribution that the model has learned.
  • The scenes are thus synthesized by interpolation within the hidden space.
  • The scaling of 3D scenes generates many scenes that contain thousands of images. During training, there is no issue related to canonical orientation or mode collapse.
  • A novel de-noising optimization technique is used to find hidden representations that collaborate in modelling the camera poses and the radiance field to create multiple datasets with state-of-the-art performance in generating 3D scenes by building a setup that uses images and text.

To conclude, GAUDI has more capabilities and can also be used for sampling various images and video datasets. Furthermore, this will make a foray into AR (augmented reality) and VR (virtual reality). With GAUDI in hand, the sky is only the limit in the field of media creation. So, if you enjoy reading about the latest development in the field of AI and ML, then keep a tab on the blog section of the E2E Networks website.

Reference Links

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362323995_GAUDI_A_Neural_Architect_for_Immersive_3D_Scene_Generation

https://www.technology.org/2022/07/31/gaudi-a-neural-architect-for-immersive-3d-scene-generation/ 

https://www.patentlyapple.com/2022/08/apple-has-unveiled-gaudi-a-neural-architect-for-immersive-3d-scene-generation.html

Build on the most powerful infrastructure cloud

A vector illustration of a tech city using latest cloud technologies & infrastructure